Wednesday, 2 November 2016

Research & Notes (Word Count 2,018)

Research & Quotes
Online Research

To what extent does Narcos reflect the representation of Latinos/Hispanics in American media?

Narcos (Primary Text)

Hollywood fails to represent US ethnic diversity, says study
‘’New USC report finds that Latinos are most under-represented in films, despite buying 25% of all movie tickets’’
·         This showcases that Narcos perhaps as an original Netflix series challenges this statement that Latinos are ‘under-represented’.
‘’Latinos, who comprise 16.3% of the US population and are regular filmgoers – they buy 25% of all movie tickets – only made up 4.9% of characters.’’

Hispanics and Latinos become the largest minority in America's cities
‘’US census data shows that Latinos and Hispanics have overtaken African Americans as the largest urban minority.’’
·         African Americans in the United States of America are portrayed as victims of injustice in some cases. This article indicates that perhaps Hispanics and Latinos are replacing them.
‘’From now on, local, state and national politicians will need to pay attention to Hispanics rather than treating blacks as the major minority," William H Frey

Hispanics in Hollywood still struggle to overcome stereotypes in casting and to land quality roles that showcase their talents. Yet, there are signs of progress. Hollywood, for example, took a chance on creating the biopic “Cesar Chavez.”

Cesar Chavez Film
·         American biopic film produced and directed by Diego Luna 
·         The life of American labour leader César Chávez,
·         Who cofounded the United Farm Workers
·         Film stars Michael Peña as Chávez (Mexican)
Latinos may be the largest minority group in the United States, but there’s no shortage of stereotypes about the Hispanic community. In Hollywood particularly, Latinos are all too often portrayed as gang members, sexy vixens, Latin lovers, domestic workers and recent immigrants to the U.S. 

Why are Latinos viewers the most important for networks?

‘’As traditional audiences move to on-demand services, networks are attempting to appeal to one of America’s last audience of loyal, committed TV watchers: Latinos.’’
·         Nielsen Company found that Hispanics in the US have over $1 trillion in purchasing power and represent more than half of US population growth between 2000-2010.
·         Latino viewers are not just critical for cable news, but for scripted programming as well. ABC’s overt attempt to target a Latino viewership with the sitcom Cristela has seen a major ratings win for the network.

‘’Univision, launched in 1962, currently has the largest audience of any Hispanic-oriented TV news network in the U.S. While 2015 was not as bad as 2014, when all of its news programs saw audience declines, the year showed more losses than gains.’’

US television wakes up to growing Latino audience with new options

‘’Channels such as newly launched El Rey are targeting a young demographic that wants to see its bilingual and multicultural world reflected on screen’’

Could Latino new data shows one in nine potential US voters is Hispanic, meaning they could
Change America’s political map – but what would it take for them to do so? Voters decide the next American president?

Representation of Latino Women In US TV

Showcases the negative representation of Latinos particular the women as they are represented in a sexual and promiscuous for example in Narcos the journalist is uses her sexual appeal to get what she wants. Also,

’Once upon time, African Americans were the racial group most likely to portray domestic workers. Black housekeepers played key roles in television sitcoms such as 1950’s “Beulah” and films such as 1939’s “Gone With The Wind.” By the 1980s, however, Latinos increasingly replaced blacks as Hollywood’s domestics.’’
‘’The late actress Lupe Ontiveros estimated that she played a maid as many as 150 times on screen. In 2009, Ontoveros told National Public Radio, “I long to play a judge. I long to play a lesbian woman. I long to play a councilman, someone with some chutzpah.”
‘’While Hispanic men are often reduced to Latin Lovers in television and film, Hispanic women are commonly typecast as sexpots. Rita Hayworth, Raquel Welch and Carmen Miranda are some of the Latinas in early Hollywood who capitalized on their sexy image. More recently, Eva Longoriaplayed a conniving Latina homemaker who used her looks to advance her agenda in “Desperate Housewives,” and Sofia Vergara continues to play the role of Gloria Delgado-Pritchett on “Modern Family,” which many prominent Latinas argue not only fuels the stereotype that Hispanic women are sexy but also loud, crazy and spicy. “The problem here is that this idea of the curvy, sexy and sultry Latina denies many Latinas their cultural identification based on their physical appearances and sexual attractiveness, alone,” explained Tanisha Ramirez in the Huffington Post’’ 

Representation of Latino Men in US TV        

‘’Television programs such as “The George Lopez Show,” “Desperate Housewives” and “Ugly Betty” were unique in that they portrayed Latinos as Americans rather than as recent immigrants to the United States. Not only have many Hispanics lived in the United States for several generations but some Hispanics also descend from families that predate the establishment of the present day U.S.-Mexico border. For far too long Hollywood has featured Hispanics speaking heavily accented English in television and in cinema.’’
-          In Narcos most characters dream about making a better life for themselves for example one of the hit men ‘La Quica’ dreams of the ‘American dream’
There has been no shortage of Latinos playing thugs, drug dealers and gangbangers in U.S. films and television shows, especially police dramas. Popular films such as 1992’s “American Me” and 1993’s “Mi Vida Loca” chronicled the lives of fictional Hispanic drug kingpins and gangsters. Even the 1961 classic “West Side Story” centered on the rivalry between a Caucasian gang and a Puerto Rican one. The gangster stereotype aimed at Latinos is particularly harmful, as it gives the public the idea that Hispanics aren’t law-abiding citizens but cholos. Accordingly, they should be feared, shunned and certainly not treated as equals. While some Latinos, just as some whites, find themselves entangled in the criminal justice system, the majority of Hispanics aren’t criminals. They work as lawyers, teachers, pastors, police officers and in a host of other arenas.

Latino Portrayals in the Media

‘’When Latinos are actually present in different forms of media a very consistent type of Latino is portrayed. Usually it is a person who has darker features, tanner skin, and an accent. The quest for a heterogeneous type of Latino completely overlooks the diversity that is included under the umbrella term.  The lack of range in how Latinos are presented phenotypic ally also helps to polarize the community by showing usually either rich Latinos or poor Latinos. ‘’

‘’Until recently, Latino portrayals in the media has had negative affects for the Latino community.  Historically Latinos have not only been portrayed negatively through stereotypes but they have also been largely ignored and excluded from most American Media.  Support for this assumption has been provided by The Annenberg School of Cultural Communicators Project which found that between the years of 1969 to 1978 only 2.5% of primetime television characters were Hispanic. The significance of this is that this figure is still significantly behind other minorities such as the African American population who comprised 8.5% of primetime television characters.’’
‘’Another study conducted by The Center for Media and Public Affairs in Washington DC has shown that Latinos have been in the 2% range of representation in Media for the past 30 years. This percentage is also following a downward trend which is especially noticeable in the Prime Time Television shows.’’

It's 2016 and Latino Representation on TV Is Finally Starting to Reflect Reality

According to Jessica Gonzalez, executive vice president of the National Hispanic Media Coalition, representation of Latinos in particular is lagging. "We're way behind," Gonzalez said in a phone interview. "We're totally underrepresented, and it's a missed opportunity."
‘’But there are encouraging signs that television has begun to seize that opportunity. The CW's Jane the Virgin, a show featuring a mostly Latino cast, won a Golden Globe and has been renewed for a third season. NBC's new 2016 primetime line-up includes three shows with Latinas leading as both actresses and producers: Jennifer Lopez's Shades of Blue, America Ferreira’s Superstore and Eva Longoria's Telenovela.’’
The path to production and primetime for shows like Jane the Virgin and Superstore was paved by hits like Desperate Housewives (2004-2012), Ugly Betty (2006-2010) and Modern Family (2009-present) that featured Latinas in leading roles. These shows painted nuanced portrayals of real Latinas, not offensive or overwrought stereotypes. While Modern Family's Gloria does embody the stereotypically sexy and sassy Latina, her character is multilayered, compassionate and strong in her own way, making her relatable to audiences of all backgrounds. – Latino Women
Narcos and American Representation

But as Colombians, no matter the accolades the drama receives, we believe we are better than drug trafficking and violence, and there are better and more uplifting stories to tell about the country. “People who lived during those times don’t like watching shows like Narcos,” says Alejandra Moncaliano, senior MCC major at Steinhart. “We don’t like this kind of violence associated with our country, there are other better things to portray.”
This showcases that some Columbians themselves believe that even though the plot line is quite accurate the representation of Columbians isn’t for example the accents.
Moreover, as Sociology senior Catalina Munera points out, Narcos is “a very white-washed American version of the story”. It doesn’t capture its effects on the Colombian people, the true victims of the war on drugs.
But what truly enrages Colombians is the dual portrayal of Americans and Colombians. “I hate that Americans are represented as the heroes” says Natalia Martinez, a Metropolitan Studies sophomore at CAS, pointing to how Americans are shown as the uncorrupted good guys while our people are the criminals, dysfunctional and violent.
The show doesn’t really focus on the other side of the story, one in which American cocaine consumers fueled hatred, violence and instability in my country. After all it was US dollars that paid for the bombs, guns and ammunitions, but it was our people who paid the price for the cocaine consumed in America and elsewhere. We put up with the deaths, suffered the violence and stigmatization.

Narcos is a hit for Netflix but iffy accents grate on Colombian ears

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/17/narcos-netflix-colombian-accents

But the reception has been much cooler in Colombia, where audiences have been bemused by the stars’ ropey accents, irritated by its portrayal of the country’s recent history, and – in some cases – simply bored by yet another narco-drama.
Much of the show’s dialogue is in Spanish, but the cast has been drawn from across North and South America, and the actors’ attempts to adopt a Colombian accent have not always been successful.
Colombian audiences have been irritated and amused by the show’s hodgepodge of accents. A character based on Escobar’s wife is played by Paulina Gaitán (Mexican) , his partner Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha by Luís Guzmán (Puerto Rican), while his rival Jorge Ochoa is played by André Mattos (Brazilian).
Does Netflix's 'Narcos' Misrepresent Colombia?


The glamorization of drug lords is something preoccupying commentators in Latin America. It is creating a narco culture, where cliched drug lord behavior is seen as “cool shit.” Every town in Colombia has a “traqueto,” or small drug baron, who will throw his weight around, drive a Hummer and act like a mini-Godfather. There have been four extremely successful telenovelas about the life and loves of Escobar. Some even portray him as a Robin Hood character, building a few homes for poor people in order to launder his money.

At its peak, the Medellín cartel employed more people than FedEx, Domino's, and Google

Arguably, though, that's an easy connection: the U.S. likes controlling drugs because the U.S. likes money because money means power. In one of the released clips, two people are speaking in a U.S. government office. One says, “Their party took money from Pablo Escobar,” to which the other replies, “Everyone took money … by the way it's all American.” Netflix calls these pithy facts, where correlation certainly does not equal causation, Cokenomics.

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